A Platinum is the Versatile Precious Metal
Platinum is silver-white-it was once referred to as "white gold"-and it's variety of useful properties, which explains its application during a wide-range of industries.
It is extremely immune to tarnishing and corrosion (which makes it referred to as a "noble metal") and is extremely soft and malleable, making it easy to shape.
It is also ductile, making it easy to stretch into wire, and unreactive, which suggests it doesn't oxidize and is unaffected by common acids.
Platinum is one among the transition metals, a gaggle that has gold, silver, copper and titanium-and most of the weather within the middle of the table .
The atomic structure of those metals means they will bond easily with other elements. Platinum is usually known for getting used within the manufacturing of jewelry but its main applications spread to catalytic converters, electrical contacts, pacemakers, drugs and magnets.
Here are 10 interesting facts that you simply might not realize platinum.
1. About 50 percent of cancer therapy patients currently use platinum-containing drugs and a few of those drugs, like cisplatin, also are wont to treat tumours and cancer in animals. Platinum is taken into account a biologically compatible metal because it's non-toxic and stable, so it doesn't react with, or negatively affect body tissues. Recent research has also shown platinum to inhibit the expansion of certain cancerous cells.
2. consistent with many analysts, platinum production isn't likely to rise in coming years. the bulk (about 80 percent) of platinum is mined in South Africa . Approximately 10 percent is mined in Russia, and therefore the rest is found in North and South America. Because platinum and other Platinum Group Metals (PGM) metals usually aren't found in large amounts, they're often by-products from mining other metals. South African producers have already recovered platinum that's on the brink of the surface . Today, producers must dig far into the crust for the metal. Deeper mining translates into higher production costs and fewer total production of the commodity.
3. Nearly half the platinum that's mined is employed in catalytic converters, the a part of the car that reduces toxic gases into less-toxic emissions. Platinum and other platinum metals can withstand the high temperatures required for the oxidation reactions that reduce the emissions.
4. A cylindrical hunk of platinum and platinum alloy is employed because the international standard for measuring a kilogram. within the 1880s, about 40 of those cylinders, which weigh about 2.2 lbs. or 1 kilogram, were distributed round the world.
5. Platinum Group Metals or PGMs are a number of the rarest metals found on earth. There are two subgroups of PGMs: Palladium Group-Platinum Group Elements (PPGEs) and Iridium Group-Platinum Group Elements (IPGEs). the primary group consists of platinum, palladium, and rhodium. The second consists of iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. No PGMs tarnish and that they are highly immune to heat and chemical attack. they're all excellent conductors of electricity.
6. Objects that go back to around 700 BC have contained platinum. Other PGMs didn't make their way onto the scene until the nineteenth century. Malleable platinum, obtainable only upon purification to essentially pure metal, was first produced by the French physicist P.F. Chabaneau in 1789; it had been fabricated into a chalice that was presented to Pope Pius VI. the invention of palladium was claimed in 1802 by English chemist William Wollaston, who named it for the asteroid Pallas. Wollaston subsequently claimed the invention of another element present in platinum ore: rhodium. The discoveries of iridium (named after Iris, goddess of the rainbow, due to the variegated colour of its salts) and osmium (from the Greek word for "odour," due to the chlorinelike odour of its volatile oxide) were claimed by English chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803.
7. London is that the centre for platinum trading but physical delivery tends to require place in Zurich, Switzerland. The NYMEX division of the CME offers futures contracts on platinum. Each derivative instrument represents 50 ounces of the metal. the worth of platinum tends to rise and fall with global industrial conditions. the worth of platinum peaked in 2008 at $2,300 per ounce just before the worldwide depression of 2008.
8. Unlike gold and silver, which might be readily isolated during a comparatively pure state by simple fire refining, the platinum metals require complex aqueous chemical processing for his or her isolation and identification. Because these techniques weren't available until the turn of the 19th century, the identification and isolation of the platinum group lagged behind silver and gold by thousands of years. additionally , the high melting points of those metals limited their applications until researchers devised methods for consolidating and dealing platinum into useful forms.
9. The fashioning of platinum into fine jewellery began about 1900, but, while this application remains important even today, it had been soon eclipsed by industrial uses. After the second war , the expansion of molecular conversion techniques within the refining of petroleum created an excellent demand for the catalytic properties of the platinum metals. This demand grew even more within the 1970s, when automotive emission standards within the us and other European countries led to the utilization of platinum metals within the catalytic conversion of exhaust gases.
10. Extracting platinum is both capital and labour intensive. It can take up to six months and seven to 12 plenty of ore to supply one ounce (31.135g) of pure platinum. the primary step during this process is to crush platinum containing ore and immerse it in reagent containing water-a process referred to as 'froth flotation'. During flotation, air is pumped through the ore-water slurry. Platinum particles chemically attach on to the oxygen and rise to the surface during a froth that's skimmed off for further refining. Once dried, the concentrated powder still contains but 1% platinum. it's then heated to over 2732F° (1500C°) in electric furnaces and air is blown through again, removing iron and sulphur impurities. Electrolytic and chemical techniques are employed to extract nickel, copper and cobalt, leading to a concentrate of 15-20% PGMs. nitrohydrochloric acid (a concoction of aqua fortis and hydrochloric acid) is employed to dissolve platinum metal from the mineral concentrate by creating chlorine that attaches to platinum to make chloroplatinic acid. within the final step, sal ammoniac is employed to convert the chloroplatinic acid to ammonium hex chloroplatinate, which may be burned to make pure platinum metal.
The good news is that not all platinum is produced from primary sources during this long and expensive process. consistent with us Geological Survey (USGS) statistics, about 30% of the 8.53 million ounces of platinum produced worldwide per annum come from recycled sources. Platinum recycling helps promote and protect the longer term use of a valuable natural resources .
Platinum are often fenined from the foremost different sources:
-bars and ingots
-flakes and grain
-sponges and powder
-wire and gauze-crucibles
-laboratory and thermocouple wire
-medical equipment
-aqua regia solutions.
Platinum refining terms are customized supported the sort and quantity of the platinum scrap you've got and therefore the service that you simply need.
It is extremely immune to tarnishing and corrosion (which makes it referred to as a "noble metal") and is extremely soft and malleable, making it easy to shape.
It is also ductile, making it easy to stretch into wire, and unreactive, which suggests it doesn't oxidize and is unaffected by common acids.
Platinum is one among the transition metals, a gaggle that has gold, silver, copper and titanium-and most of the weather within the middle of the table .
The atomic structure of those metals means they will bond easily with other elements. Platinum is usually known for getting used within the manufacturing of jewelry but its main applications spread to catalytic converters, electrical contacts, pacemakers, drugs and magnets.
Here are 10 interesting facts that you simply might not realize platinum.
1. About 50 percent of cancer therapy patients currently use platinum-containing drugs and a few of those drugs, like cisplatin, also are wont to treat tumours and cancer in animals. Platinum is taken into account a biologically compatible metal because it's non-toxic and stable, so it doesn't react with, or negatively affect body tissues. Recent research has also shown platinum to inhibit the expansion of certain cancerous cells.
2. consistent with many analysts, platinum production isn't likely to rise in coming years. the bulk (about 80 percent) of platinum is mined in South Africa . Approximately 10 percent is mined in Russia, and therefore the rest is found in North and South America. Because platinum and other Platinum Group Metals (PGM) metals usually aren't found in large amounts, they're often by-products from mining other metals. South African producers have already recovered platinum that's on the brink of the surface . Today, producers must dig far into the crust for the metal. Deeper mining translates into higher production costs and fewer total production of the commodity.
3. Nearly half the platinum that's mined is employed in catalytic converters, the a part of the car that reduces toxic gases into less-toxic emissions. Platinum and other platinum metals can withstand the high temperatures required for the oxidation reactions that reduce the emissions.
4. A cylindrical hunk of platinum and platinum alloy is employed because the international standard for measuring a kilogram. within the 1880s, about 40 of those cylinders, which weigh about 2.2 lbs. or 1 kilogram, were distributed round the world.
5. Platinum Group Metals or PGMs are a number of the rarest metals found on earth. There are two subgroups of PGMs: Palladium Group-Platinum Group Elements (PPGEs) and Iridium Group-Platinum Group Elements (IPGEs). the primary group consists of platinum, palladium, and rhodium. The second consists of iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. No PGMs tarnish and that they are highly immune to heat and chemical attack. they're all excellent conductors of electricity.
6. Objects that go back to around 700 BC have contained platinum. Other PGMs didn't make their way onto the scene until the nineteenth century. Malleable platinum, obtainable only upon purification to essentially pure metal, was first produced by the French physicist P.F. Chabaneau in 1789; it had been fabricated into a chalice that was presented to Pope Pius VI. the invention of palladium was claimed in 1802 by English chemist William Wollaston, who named it for the asteroid Pallas. Wollaston subsequently claimed the invention of another element present in platinum ore: rhodium. The discoveries of iridium (named after Iris, goddess of the rainbow, due to the variegated colour of its salts) and osmium (from the Greek word for "odour," due to the chlorinelike odour of its volatile oxide) were claimed by English chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803.
7. London is that the centre for platinum trading but physical delivery tends to require place in Zurich, Switzerland. The NYMEX division of the CME offers futures contracts on platinum. Each derivative instrument represents 50 ounces of the metal. the worth of platinum tends to rise and fall with global industrial conditions. the worth of platinum peaked in 2008 at $2,300 per ounce just before the worldwide depression of 2008.
8. Unlike gold and silver, which might be readily isolated during a comparatively pure state by simple fire refining, the platinum metals require complex aqueous chemical processing for his or her isolation and identification. Because these techniques weren't available until the turn of the 19th century, the identification and isolation of the platinum group lagged behind silver and gold by thousands of years. additionally , the high melting points of those metals limited their applications until researchers devised methods for consolidating and dealing platinum into useful forms.
9. The fashioning of platinum into fine jewellery began about 1900, but, while this application remains important even today, it had been soon eclipsed by industrial uses. After the second war , the expansion of molecular conversion techniques within the refining of petroleum created an excellent demand for the catalytic properties of the platinum metals. This demand grew even more within the 1970s, when automotive emission standards within the us and other European countries led to the utilization of platinum metals within the catalytic conversion of exhaust gases.
10. Extracting platinum is both capital and labour intensive. It can take up to six months and seven to 12 plenty of ore to supply one ounce (31.135g) of pure platinum. the primary step during this process is to crush platinum containing ore and immerse it in reagent containing water-a process referred to as 'froth flotation'. During flotation, air is pumped through the ore-water slurry. Platinum particles chemically attach on to the oxygen and rise to the surface during a froth that's skimmed off for further refining. Once dried, the concentrated powder still contains but 1% platinum. it's then heated to over 2732F° (1500C°) in electric furnaces and air is blown through again, removing iron and sulphur impurities. Electrolytic and chemical techniques are employed to extract nickel, copper and cobalt, leading to a concentrate of 15-20% PGMs. nitrohydrochloric acid (a concoction of aqua fortis and hydrochloric acid) is employed to dissolve platinum metal from the mineral concentrate by creating chlorine that attaches to platinum to make chloroplatinic acid. within the final step, sal ammoniac is employed to convert the chloroplatinic acid to ammonium hex chloroplatinate, which may be burned to make pure platinum metal.
The good news is that not all platinum is produced from primary sources during this long and expensive process. consistent with us Geological Survey (USGS) statistics, about 30% of the 8.53 million ounces of platinum produced worldwide per annum come from recycled sources. Platinum recycling helps promote and protect the longer term use of a valuable natural resources .
Platinum are often fenined from the foremost different sources:
-bars and ingots
-flakes and grain
-sponges and powder
-wire and gauze-crucibles
-laboratory and thermocouple wire
-medical equipment
-aqua regia solutions.
Platinum refining terms are customized supported the sort and quantity of the platinum scrap you've got and therefore the service that you simply need.
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